“Three years ago, in the shadow of the financial crisis, some of the biggest banks on Wall Street slipped into the government’s cross hairs.

Now, after striking nine-figure settlements with firms like Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan Chase, the government’s campaign to punish Wall Street over risky investments sold before the crisis will culminate in an unlikely way — with the civil trial of a 34-year-old Frenchman, Fabrice P. Tourre.

In a federal courtroom in Lower Manhattan next week, the former midlevel Goldman employee will fight the Securities and Exchange Commission’s claim that he was part of a conspiracy to mislead investors when selling a mortgage security that ultimately failed. Mr. Tourre, a trader stationed in the bowels of Goldman’s mortgage machine when the S.E.C. thrust him into the spotlight, is one of only a handful of employees at big Wall Street firms to land in court over the crisis.

The rarity of the trial underpins its importance. For Mr. Tourre, who is now enrolled in a doctoral economics program at the University of Chicago, an unfavorable verdict could yield a fine, or worse, a ban from the securities industry. A victory in court, however, would offer only belated consolation to Goldman, which is paying for his defense. For the S.E.C., an agency still dogged by its failure to thwart the crisis, the trial is a defining moment that follows one courtroom disappointment after another.”

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